Editor’s Note. This essay was subsequently published as:
Dillon, R.T., Jr. (2019d) Cornhusker Freshwater Gastropods. Pp 229 - 233 in The Freshwater
Gastropods of North America Volume 4, Essays on Ecology and Biogeography. FWGNA Press, Charleston.
Kudos to our good friend Bruce Stephen for his thorough
review of the freshwater gastropod fauna of Nebraska, just published in the
most recent issue of the American Malacological Bulletin. A pdf download is available from the link
below [1].
The surface waters of Nebraska drain entirely to the east, primarily
through the broad, sandy Platte River, as well as through the Niobara and
Republican Rivers, all tracing slow, braided paths toward the Missouri. Glaciers extended over the greener, eastern
quarter of the state about 10,000 years ago, although the western half of the
state seems to have remained a bit too dry.
Today about 40% of the state is planted in row crops, dependent largely
on the miracle of modern irrigation. The
other 60% of Nebraska is sand hills and semi-arid plains, typically given over
to ranching.
I am sure that there are many nice things that could be
said about Nebraska and its fine citizenry, but the state does not strike me as
especially rich in habitat for freshwater gastropods. So I was mildly surprised to see that our
buddy Bruce’s list extended to N = 31 species, from three primary (and hoary!) sources:
Tryon 1866, Aughey 1877, and Walker 1906, a scattering of more recent
references, and the collections at the University of Nebraska Sate Museum [2].
Actually, the starting number of species exceeded 80. The biggest challenges faced by our good
buddy were the pruning of over 40 synonyms from the 19th-century
taxonomy, and the weeding of around 8 - 10 valid nomina apparently introduced
to the fields by error. The taxonomy of
the 31 species that emerged from Bruce’s intensive efforts with hoe and hook was
neat, clean, and modern [3].
Loyal followers of this blog may remember my post of 20Apr06,
entitled “Surveying the Heartland” [4].
That essay was prompted by our good friend Tim Stewart’s review of the
freshwater gastropods of Iowa, very similar in scope and methodology to the
present work by Bruce Stephen. And in my
post of 23Jan09, I compared the (46 species) fauna of Iowa to that of Indiana in the east and Missouri in the south, identifying 20 species
shared by the three boxy Midwestern states, 15 uniquely shared with the former
and 6 uniquely shared with the latter [4].
The FWGNA readership may also remember my post of 26Nov08
reviewing a popular guidebook on the freshwater gastropods of Colorado, based
on the (1989) work of Shi-Kuei Wu [4]. So
with the publication of the present review of the Nebraska fauna, we have
available an unbroken transect, extending 1,000 miles from the banks of the
Mississippi River at Davenport, across the Great Plains and over the Rocky
Mountains to the Colorado River at Grand Junction.
Should we expect to discover that any of our buddy Bruce’s
31 species are unique to Nebraska? Or
might we find the Nebraska fauna perfectly transitional between those of Iowa
and Colorado? The figure at left is a Venn
diagram of boxy western states, composed using the same convention I pioneered
in my essay of 23Jan09. The areas of the
states are adjusted relative to their freshwater gastropod faunas – the 44 species
documented from Iowa [5] rendering it over twice the size of Colorado (with 20
species, ref. 6), Nebraska in the middle.
And we do indeed see a rather smooth malacological
transition (perhaps “attenuation” would be more descriptive) moving west from the relatively
rich fauna of Iowa to rather poor Colorado.
Setting aside the 16 cosmopolitan species shared by all three states,
Nebraska shares 12 uniquely with Iowa and just one with Colorado (Lymnaea
bulimoides). But again perhaps
surprisingly, Nebraska does seem to boast two freshwater gastropod species found in
neither Iowa nor Colorado: Physa pomilia and Gyraulus crista.
Our buddy Bruce was a bit dubious about the Physa pomilia
records, as am I. The 15 records from S-K Wu
(2004-05) predate our modern understanding of the taxon [7]. But the single G. crista record (from Taylor
1960) appears to be bona fide, this (rather boreal) species being documented
from Wyoming to the northwest.
Science is the construction of testable models about the
natural world. This definition I am in
the habit of repeating once a week to my Genetics Lab 305L students, 14 weeks
per semester. Historical reviews such as the work just published by our buddy Bruce Stephens serve the important function of providing models,
which we malacologists of the present day really ought to test. The job most certainly is not over in
Nebraska, or in Iowa, or indeed in most of the United States of America, sea to
shining sea. But it is well begun.
Notes
[1] Stephen, B. J. (2015)
Species composition of Nebraska’s freshwater gastropod fauna: A review
of historical records. American
Malacological Bulletin 33: 61 – 71. [PDF]
[2] The author’s online queries of the collection
databases at the USNM, ANSP, UMMZ, and several museums of more regional
character field to yield a single freshwater gastropod record from Nebraska.
[3] Well, there are a couple smudges here and there, but I won’t
quibble.
[4] My previous posts relevant to the biogeography of Western
and Midwestern states, in order of appearance, have been:
- Surveying the Heartland [20Apr06]
- Review: Field Guide to the Freshwater Mollusks of Colorado [26Nov08]
- The Freshwater Gastropods of Indiana [23Jan09]
[6] Wu’s (1989) monograph actually listed 30 freshwater
gastropod species. I have collapsed 15
of his specific nomina into five names as follows. Lymnaea humilis = obrussa + parva. Physa acuta = anatina + cupreonitans +
gyrina. Physa gyrina = elliptica +
heterostropha + integra + utahensis.
Helisoma trivolvis = trivolvis + scalare + subcrenatum. Ferrissia fragilis = fragilis + walkeri. For more on the physid situation in Colorado,
see my essay of [14Oct08].
[7] Dillon, R. T.,
J. D. Robinson, and A. R. Wethington (2007)
Empirical estimates of reproductive isolation among the freshwater
pulmonates Physa acuta, P. pomilia, and P. hendersoni. Malacologia 49: 283 - 292. [PDF]