Editor’s Note – This essay was subsequently published as: Dillon, R.T., Jr. (2023b) Somatogyrus and Yankees in North Alabama. Pp 279 – 288 in The Freshwater Gastropods of North America Volume 6, Yankees at The Gap, and Other Essays. FWGNA Project, Charleston, SC.
Early in the morning of April 10, 1862, eight thousand Federal troops under the command of Gen. Ormsby Mitchel captured the sleeping town of Huntsville, Alabama, without firing a shot [1]. Knowing that both of the main armies were licking their wounds from the Battle of Shiloh about 120 miles west on the banks of the Tennessee three days earlier, Mitchel seized the opportunity for a lightning strike south from Shelbyville. By the end of April, he controlled 80 miles of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad from Bridgeport to Decatur, writing to Secretary of the Army Edwin Stanton, “All of Alabama north of the Tennessee River floats no flag but that of the Union.” Mitchel’s Division held North Alabama for four months, withdrawing in reaction to Braxton Bragg’s thrust north from Chattanooga in August [2]. By September they were home on the banks of the Ohio in Louisville.
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| Dr. DeCamp at the Elk River [1] |
Attached to Mitchel’s command was the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, numbering among its ranks a Grand Rapids surgeon named Dr. William Henry DeCamp (1825-1898) [3]. DeCamp had been born in upstate New York and moved to Grand Rapids in 1854, where he set up a medical practice. He was one of the founders of the “Grand Rapids Lyceum of Natural History,” and had more than a hobbyist’s interest in shells. And so it was accomplished that sometime between April and August of 1862, somewhere in the vicinity of Huntsville, Alabama, Dr. W. H. DeCamp, Surgeon US Army, stooped to capture a small detachment of rebel freshwater gastropods.
DeCamp detailed his prisoners back behind the lines to his friend and fellow member of the Grand Rapids Lyceum, Alfred Osgood Currier (1817 – 1881), who forwarded a subset onward to Dr. Isaac Lea in Philadelphia [4]. And if all of this sounds vaguely familiar to you, your memory is to be commended. For back on [4Aug19] I spun a very similar yarn about Capt. S. S. Lyon, who arrived at Cumberland Gap this very same summer of 1862, as uninvited as Dr. DeCamp, and stooped to capture a regiment of rebel pleurocerids from the ice cold waters of East Tennessee as boldly as Dr. DeCamp in North Alabama. And Capt. Lyon sent his prisoners to Dr. Lea as well.
So in my essay of [4Aug19], I wrote, “In May of 1863, a scant nine months later, Lea described four new species of Goniobasis” sent to him by Capt. Lyon from Gap Springs [5]. Actually, to be quite precise, Lea published brief, Latinate descriptions of 15ish [6] species in that Mayish [7] paper, including six captured by “Capt. S. S. Lyon, U.S. Army,” six captured by “Dr. Wm. H. DeCamp M.D., Surgeon US Army,” and three arrested by civilians working well behind the lines. The six DeCamp species included three pleurocerids from the Falls of the Ohio in Louisville, two pleurocerids from North Alabama, and Amnicola currieriana, from “Huntsville.” Lea’s currieriana was the first specific nomen unambiguously ascribed to what we today recognize as the hydrobioid genus Somatogyrus in the drainages of The Tennessee.
Lea published a more complete description of A. currieriana in 1866, together with a figure [8]. “This little species differs from all other Amnicolae which I have seen in the broad deposit of the columella, particularly in the middle, where it covers the umbilicus.” And indeed the 1:1 figure on Lea’s Plate 24 does show a very robust, solid little shell, no umbilicus in evidence. Compare the grayscale figure at lower right below to typical shells from five other Somatogyrus populations more recently sampled from North Alabama. We’ll have more to say about those five modern populations next month.
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| 1.5 x life size. |
Tryon added two fresh species to the genus in 1865 [12]: Somatogyrus parvulus from the Powell River (a tributary of the Tennessee above Knoxville) and S. aureus “received from Mr. Lea several years ago” from somewhere in the “Tennessee River.” And we were off to the races. Between 1904 and 1915 Bryant Walker [13] described 22 new species of Somatogyrus [14], and other authors shoveled on as well, to the point that Burch’s 1982 Bible [15] listed 35 species of the genus, including 9 nominal species described from North Alabama alone, all utterly indistinguishable. And alas, no lithoglyphid-Goodrich [16] has subsequently arisen to clean up the taxonomic mess.
All 35 species were described on the basis of qualitative differences in shell morphology alone. For example, the first species described by Walker in his 1904 paper was S. hinkleyi from the Coosa River (of the Mobile Basin) at Wetumpka, AL. Walker wrote, “It differs from all the known species in the elevated spire and conical form excepting S. pennsylvanicus and virginicus herein described, but those species are much smaller and decidedly different in contour.” Somatogyrus hinkleyi is figured (1) and (2) on Walker’s plate below, pennsylvanicus is (15) and (16), and virginicus is figured (17), (18), and (19). You be the judge.
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| From Walker (1904) |
But let me back up and edit my opinion that all 35 nominal species of Somatogyrus are “utterly indistinguishable” just slightly [18]. One of the 11 species of Somatogyrus that Walker described in 1904, S. umbilicatus was different looking. Collected from the Coosa River at Wetumpka, S. umbilicus was so lightly shelled that it had an umbilicus, as its name telegraphs so plainly. My readership of long memory and narrow interest may remember that Bryant Walker went on to propose a new genus, Clappia, to hold his nomen umbilicatus in 1909 [19].
And might some of you also remember that in 2012 I reported discovering two populations of Clappia in East Tennessee – one in the Sequatchie River, and the other way up in the headwaters of the Powell in SW Virginia [19]? You can be forgiven if your memory fails you now. But hold those tidbits about Clappia tight till next month. You’re going to need them.
I suppose I might also expand my observation above that no lithoglyphid-Goodrich has risen to clean up the Somatogyrus mess in these latter days. Fred Thompson did publish a 33-page monograph on the group in 1984 [20], selecting one representative from each of the five lithoglyphine genera he recognized in North America (Gillia, Fluminicola, Somatogyrus, Clappia, and Lepyrium) for detailed anatomical review. But here is a telling quote from the second paragraph of Thompson’s introduction:
“This study stems from two independent investigations. The first was an attempt to determine species-group characteristics within Somatogyrus, a genus containing many species (Burch & Tottenham 1980). The study was tabled temporarily because very little anatomical diversity was discovered among the species examined. Independently I examined the anatomy of Lepyrium showalteri (Lea), a snail previously placed in a monotypic family of uncertain affinity. Its soft anatomy was found to be hardly distinguishable from that of Somatogyrus.”
Thompson never picked his first “independent investigation” back up off the table. Apparently as far as he could ever tell, all 35 of the nominal Somatogyrus species catalogued in the Burch Bible were as utterly indistinguishable anatomically as they were shell morphologically. In fact, the only soft-part difference of any sort he reported across all five lithoglyphine genera was the presence of a papilla on the penis of Gillia and Fluminicola. Even the penial morphology of Somatogyrus, Clappia, and Lepyrium is indistinguishable, even by the most discerning splitter – just a simple, pointy hose.
Had Thompson understood the hydrobiids as Goodrich understood the pleurocerids, at this point he would have synonymized the entire 35-member crap-pot of Somatogyrus down an order of magnitude to three species and a subspecies. Instead, he added an appendix of his 1984 paper for the description of yet another utterly indistinguishable species of Somatogyrus from Georgia, S. rheophilus. Fred Thompson was no Calvin Goodrich. And it is through the dusky twilight of Walker and Burch that we still walk to this day.
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| From Fig 43 of Thompson [20] |
One might imagine, from all the taxonomic excitement generated by Bryant Walker, his forebears, contemporaries and successors, that populations of Somatogyrus must have been common throughout the Tennessee River basin in the early 20th century. That is certainly not true today, and I’m not sure it was true even back then. Pilsbry & Rhoads (1896) reported a Somatogyrus population in the “Nolachucky River near Greeneville” which I have not been able to verify [21]. Nor can I confirm the populations that Walker (1904) reported in the Tennessee River at Knoxville, or in its tributary the Holston.
But here is an important point. The five major tributaries of the Tennessee River above Knoxville, from north to south, are the Powell, the Clinch, the Holston, the Nolichucky, and the French Broad. Tryon described his (1865) S. parvulus from the Powell, where populations still hang on today. Two generations later, Pilsbry & Rhoads (1896) and Walker (1904) identified populations collected from the Holston 20 miles south of the Powell and the Nolichucky 20 miles south of the Holston as Somatogyrus aureus. Between Tryon and Pilsbry came the immortal team of Dr. James Lewis and Miss Annie E. Law.
Dr. James Lewis (1822 – 1881) was a dentist/conchologist from Mohawk, NY, who was reputed to have one of the greatest private collections of American land and freshwater shells in existence at the time of his death. According to his obituary in The American Naturalist [22], he “arranged and classified many public collections, among which were the American fresh-water shells in the Smithsonian Institution, the last critical revision of which was made by him.” Really? He should be better known today than he is.
Miss Annie Elizabeth Law (1842 – 1889), school teacher and alleged Civil War spy [23], was born in England but spent most of her life in the vicinity of Maryville, Tennessee [24]. “Through Col. W. G. McAdoo, of Knoxville, she was introduced to Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, New York, who wished her to collect shells. She had from childhood a taste for shells, mineralogy, entomology, botany, in fact everything connected with nature,” and so was apparently eager to comply. Over a period of some two years, Miss Law walked 20 miles of the Holston River “from Little River Shoals to Chota Shoals,” collecting both the bivalves and the gastropods she discovered along the way, posting them to her sponsor in Mohawk, NY. In his 1871 report of her expedition [25], Lewis observed:
“I have from Miss Law numerous shells identical with Somatogyrus parvulus, Tryon, found, at very low stages of water, in little pools left by the receding water along swift, shallow, gravelly portions of the Holston. Less abundantly a somewhat larger shell agreeing with S. aureus Tryon. Also larger shells identical with “Amnicola Currieriana, Lea,” found in still water, along muddy portions of the Holston, near the shore. They are, without doubt different ages of one species. Mr. Leas name for the species takes precedence.”
Yes, Dr. James Lewis identified Somatogyrus currierianus (Lea 1863) in East Tennessee. And he synonymized both parvulus (Tryon 1865) and aureus (Tryon 1865) underneath it.
That brings our essay full circle, back to the exciting summer of 1862, and Dr. W. H. DeCamp standing on the banks of the big-river Tennessee somewhere in the vicinity of Huntsville. The key to understanding the Somatogyrus of the entire Tennessee River drainage is to understand Somatogyrus currierianus in North Alabama. Next time, a fresh adventure!
Notes
[1] I have taken most of the historical narrative in the first two paragraphs above, as well as the interesting figure, were from:
- Hoffman, M. (2007) My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and their Civil War. Wayne State University Press, 470 pp.
[2] Mitchel was promoted to command the entire Department of The South, and transferred to Beaufort, SC, where he died almost immediately of Yellow Fever. Why was Mitchel in Beaufort? See:
- The Many Invasions of Hilton Head [16Dec15].
[3] This is the fourth time that the name of Dr. W. H. DeCamp has come up in the 25 year record of this blog. We focused a great deal of attention on Goniobasis decampii Lea 1863/66 [6] in “A House Divided” [10May20], and on Campeloma decampi (Binney 1865) in “Fun With Campeloma” [7May21]. Lymnaea decampi Streng 1906 also garnered a brief mention in footnote [3] of “Malacological Mysteries I: The type locality of Lymnaea humilis” way back in [25June08].
[4] For a brief biography of the “Nestor of American Naturalists” see:
- Isaac Lea Drives Me Nuts [5Nov19]
[5] Lea, Isaac (1863) Descriptions of fourteen new species of Melanidae and one Paludina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 154 – 156.
[6] Lea apparently intended to include a description of Melania decampii from Huntsville in his paper of Mayish [7] 1863, but that paragraph was omitted. In his follow-up paper of 1866 [8] he stated that the Latinate description of Melania decampii had been published previously in “Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 154” but it was not. Was Lea’s statement an overt fabrication, or just sloppiness? Either way, stuff like this drives me nuts. Absolutely nuts [4].
[7] Lea apparently read his paper in May of 1863, and “May” is printed on the bottom of the published pages, but the front of the published volume says, “June and July, 1863.”
[8] Lea, Isaac (1866) New Unionidae, Melanidae, etc. chiefly of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (New Series) 6: 113 – 187.
[9] For more about the malacologists of Yankeedom 1861 – 1865, see:
- Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon 1863) [6Feb19]
[10] Tryon, G. W. (1862) Notes on American fresh water shells, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 451 – 452. I really think that the Mississippi River Somatogyrus populations are best identified today as Somatogyrus integra (Say 1829).
[11] Gill, T. (1863) Systematic arrangement of the mollusks of the family Viviparidae, and others, inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 33 – 40.
[12] Tryon, G. W. Jr. (1865) Descriptions of new species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Somatogyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Rissoa. American Journal of Conchology 1: 219-222, pl 22, figs 5-13.
[13] Here’s a brief biography of Michigan’s Father of Malacology:
- Bryant Walker’s Sense of Fairness [9Nov12]
[14] Bryant Walker’s papers on Somatogyrus:
- Walker, B. (1904) New species of Somatogyrus. Nautilus 17: 133 - 142.
- Walker. B. (1906) New and little known species of Amnicolidae. Nautilus 19: 97-100, 114-117.
- Walker, B. (1909) New Amnicolidae from Alabama. Nautilus 22: 85 - 90.
- Walker, B. (1915) Apical characters in Somatogyrus with descriptions of three new species. The Nautilus 29: 37 - 41, 49 - 53.
[15] This is a difficult work to cite. J.B. Burch’s North American Freshwater Snails was published in three different ways. It was initially commissioned as an identification manual by the US EPA and published by the agency in 1982. It was also serially published in the journal Walkerana (1980, 1982, 1988) and finally as a stand-alone volume in 1989 (Malacological Publications, Hamburg, MI).
[16] A “lithoglyphid” is a member of the modern family Lithoglyphidae, previously a subfamily of the Hydrobiidae [17], bearing featureless anatomy and shell morphology, characterized by nothing whatsoever. And Calvin Goodrich was the twentieth-century hero who brought science to the classification of the Pleuroceridae, which was an order of magnitude worse. For more, see:
- The Legacy of Calvin Goodrich [23Jan07]
[17] Wilke, Haase, Hershler, Liu, Misof, and Ponder (2013) Pushing short DNA fragments to the limit: Phylogenetic relationships of “hydrobioid” gastropods. Molec. Phyl. Evol. 66: 715 – 736. For a review, see:
- The Classification of the Hydrobioids [18Aug16]
[18] Well, to be fair, Walker described two species of Somatogyrus with distinctive shell morphology: umbilicatus in 1904 and biangulatus in 1906. The latter seems to have been endemic to the main Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, and now (I fear) extinct.
[19] See my 2012 series of essays for a study of Bryant Walker, Somatogyrus, Clappia, and the relationships between all three:
[20] Thompson, F.G. (1984) North American freshwater snail genera of the hydrobiid family Lithoglyphinae. Malacologia 25: 109 – 141.
[21] Pilsbry, H. & Rhoads, S. (1896) Contributions to the Zoology of Tennessee, Number 4, Mollusca. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1896: 487-506.
[22] Call, R.E. (1881) Memoriam of Dr. James Lewis. The American Naturalist 15: 506-508.
[23] I have not been able to confirm the allegations of spying, and I strongly suspect it was for the Union, but I don’t care, I would have really loved to meet Miss Annie E. Law. Hell, if I was 120 years younger, I would have proposed.
[24] I have pieced my biographical background on Miss Law from a variety of secondary sources, including Tucker Abbott’s (1973) American Malacologists, The Poppe’s conchology.be website, and Nautilus 40: 132 – 133.
[25] Lewis, J. (1871) On the shells of the Holston River. American Journal of Conchology 6: 216-226.
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